2100 Bull Street – A National Register Property
The Yorkville Enquirer reported on March 16, 1871 – “A joint resolution of the S.C. Leg., made an appropriation of $47,000. for the completion of the State Lunatic Asylum.”
The Yorkville Enquirer reported on April 25, 1872 – “Dr. Ensor, the Supt., of the Asylum, states that the failure of the State Treasurer to pay any of the appropriations of the legislature may cause the asylum to close. He has written to several probate judges in the state that they may have to take charge of patients from their counties.”
The Yorkville Enquirer reported on Sept. 12, 1872 – “Dr. Ensor, the Supt. of the Asylum, has again compelled to call upon private individuals to prevent patients in the institution from starving. Mr. Ed Hope, a grocery merchant of Columbia, has agreed to furnish necessary provisions for one month.”
The Yorkville Enquirer reported on Feb. 6, 1873 – “State Treasurer Cardozo has recently sent $60,000. to the asylum which will pay all the existing claims.”
City Directories and History: The Babcock Building at the South Carolina State Hospital in Columbia was built in four campaigns, between 1857 and 1885, as the new asylum for the South Carolina Lunatic Asylum. The building is significant as the work of two 
distinguished architects, George E. Walker, a native of Charleston, and Samuel Sloan, a native of Pennsylvania. Actual construction during Walker’s lifetime was limited to the three northernmost blocks of the south wing, but these three blocks established the composition, scale, and style of the entire building. Gustavus T. Berg, in 1880-82, built the north wing in mirror image of the completed south wing. Sloan’s center building united the composition, and provided a focal center for the asylum.
The Anderson Intelligencer of May 27, 1880 quoting from the Columbia Register reported – “the building committee of the board of regents of the S.C. Asylum awarded the contract for a new addition to the building to Mr. Clark Waring. The bid was $28,000.”
The building is also significant as an exceptional example of Italian Renaissance Revival design. The Babcock Building embodies the dedication of the state of South Carolina to the provision of adequate and comfortable care and housing for the mentally ill. The building follows, in overall plan, siting, landscaping and interior arrangements, the “Kirkbride system” for insane asylum design advocated by Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride of Philadelphia. It is probable that the construction of the new asylum was inspired, in part, by the dramatic crusade in support of improved facilities for the mentally ill, led by Dorothea Lydne Dix, that was then sweeping the country. Listed in the National Register October 30, 1981. [Courtesy of the SC Dept. of Archives and History]
DR. CHARLES FREDERICK WILLIAMS by Louise Pettus
Dr. Charles Frederick Williams, a native of York County, was appointed superintendent of the State Hospital by Gov. Richard Manning in 1915.
The “insane asylum” had received meager appropriations for many years. The buildings were in terrible shape. The previous superintendent, Dr. James Babcock, a native of Chester, had struggled to improve conditions but could not cope with a hostile legislature and, after tangling with Gov. Cole Blease, had resigned. Normally the legislature appoints the state hospital superintendent but Manning a progressive with unusual political skills, would not wait on the legislature. Manning wanted Williams enough to pay his first year’s salary out of his own pocket. Williams could have made more money in private practice but accepted the appointment as his duty.
Postcard view of the hospital. Image courtesy of the Tucker Collection – 2017
Williams was born in York County in 1875, the son of Leroy Russell Williams and Virginia Wallace Williams. As a very small boy on a farm, Fred, as he was called, liked to tend to the sick animals. In his neighborhood he was soon known as “the Little Doctor.” The rest of his life, he listed “Dogs” as his hobby. The boy grew up determined to become a physician. He attended the University of Maryland and received a degree in medicine in 1899. Williams returned to York County to practice for three years and then joined the U. S. Army Medical Service as an assistant surgeon. After two years, he resigned to start a private practice in Columbia.
Popular and highly respected as a Columbia doctor, Williams, at the age of 32, was appointed State Health Officer. Four years later he resigned to to to Europe for graduate work. While there he took courses in psychiatry and became fascinated with the topic of mental illness. Williams’
Postcard image courtesy of the AFLLC Collection – 2017
predecessor, Babcock, along with doctors from the U. S. Health Department, had identified pellagra as the disease that sent more South Carolinians to the state hospital than any other cause. They discovered that pellagra resulted from a lack of niacin in the diet. South Carolina’s poor ate mainly the “Three Ms,” meal, meat and molasses. The meat was fatback. The cornmeal was not enriched. Too often, the result was mental disorientation. Dr. Babcock’s pressing work had been on the physical causes of mental illness. Williams was to bring a new viewpoint to the state hospital. He believed that patients needed to have active minds and pleasant surroundings. His therapy was clean buildings, flower gardens and the right kind of work to keep the patients busy and happy along with a proper diet.
Manning persuaded the legislature to increase appropriations to clean and paint buildings and add new ones. For the first time there was money for arts, crafts, baseball games, tickets for the circus, a full-time minister, etc. In all areas, Williams hired specialists. He also established mental health clinics in eight S. C. towns. Rock Hill was one center. Teachers for the clinics were trained at colleges. Winthrop College cooperated in the training of these teachers. More than anything else, Williams created a new attitude in the state toward mental illness. South Carolina became a national leader in the field.
Honors were heaped on Williams. He served as president of the S. C. Medical Association, the S. C. Hospital Association, the S. C. Conference on Social Work, vice- chairman of the Section on Preventive Medicine of the American Medical Association, and in 1934 was elected president of the American Psychiatric Association. In all cases Doctor Williams served with distinction.
Babcock, James Woods, alienist; born at Chester, S. C., August 11, 1856; son of Sidney E. and Margaret (Woods) Babcock; A. B., Harvard, 1882, M. D., 1886; LL. D., S. C. College 1905; assistant physician McLean Hospital, Somerville, Mass., 1885-91; physician and superintendent State Hospital for the Insane, Columbia, S. C., 1891-1914. One of first physicians in the South to recognize pellagra (Dec. 1907) ; president National Assn. for Study of Pellagra, 1909-12, and secretary 1912 ; Chairman S. C. State Hospital Commissions 1910-13; member Columbia Board of Health, 1898- 1901; chairman Columbia Sewerage Commission, 1901- 03 ; Columbia Commission on Water and Waterworks 1903-07; professor psychiatry Medical College S. C. 1915- ; member legislative committee to erect monument to Gen. Thomas Sumter of the American Revolution; director National Loan and Exchange Bank of Columbia; member S. C. Medical Assn., member American Medico-Psycological Assn., American Medical Assn., S. C. Historical Society; married Katherine Guion of Lincolnton, N. C., August 17, 1892; has published monographs on insanity, Tuberculosis Among the Insane; also articles on pellagra, and in 1910, with C. H. Lavinder, M. D., of the U. S. Public Health Service, the first treatise on pellagra in the English language. Address, Waverley Sanitarium, Columbia, S. C., Courtesy of Who’s Who in S.C. – 1921
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R&R HISTORY LINK: The S.C. Encyclopedia – Babcock’s History
R&R HISTORY LINK: TEXT – NATIONAL REGISTER
R&R HISTORY LINK: NATIONAL REGISTER – IMAGE(S)
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